零售商买方势力：福利分析及公共政策

零售商买方势力的增强改变了产业链上制造商与零售商的传统约束方向，约束方向的改变也带来相应社会福利损失的改变。文中介绍了测量零售商买方势力大小的指标，分析了由于零售商买方势力的增长带来的社会福利状态改变和买方势力对社会效率的影响，提出了抑制零售商买方势力负面效应的对策。     

Abolishing the Tax‐Free Threshold in Australia: Simulating Alternative Reforms*

This paper examines the role of the tax‐free income tax threshold in a complex tax and transfer system consisting of a range of taxes and benefits, each with its own taper rates and thresholds. Considering a tax and benefit system with benefit taper rates whereby some benefits are received by income groups other than those at the bottom of the distribution, it is suggested that a tax‐free threshold is not a necessary requirement to achieve redistribution. Four alternative policy changes, each involving the elimination of the tax‐free threshold in Australia and designed to achieve approximate revenue neutrality, were examined using the Melbourne Institute Tax and Transfer Simulator. A range of implications were examined, including labour supply responses to tax changes and the effects of policy changes on inequality and social welfare. The results demonstrate that it is possible to eliminate the tax‐free threshold under approximate overall revenue and distribution neutrality, but that it is impossible to improve labour supply incentives at the same time. In order to achieve improved incentives, either revenue or distribution neutrality has to be sacrificed.     

Gender, poverty and deprivation: Evidence from the Republic of Guinea

The article examines the relationship between gender and consumption poverty and between gender and deprivation in the Republic of Guinea. National household survey data reveal that women are not more likely than men to be consumption poor or to suffer greater consumption poverty. Participatory Poverty Assessment data from the village of Kamatiguia reveal that women are “worse off” than men when deprivation includes, inter alia, excessive work load and reduced decision-making authority. When consumption poverty poorly correlates with other dimensions of deprivation, it should not be the sole guide for equity-based policy intervention.     

Welfare Effects of Technological Convergence in Processed Food Industries

We develop a monopolistic competition model to investigate effects of international technological convergence on factor rewards, output composition, and welfare. Comparative static analysis indicates technological convergence improves the follower's—but impairs the leader's—international competitiveness. The leader's welfare improves unambiguously; the follower's welfare depends on the relative strength of convergence's income and terms-of-trade effects. We use data from seventeen food industries in thirty countries, 1993–2001, to test these analytical predictions. Evidence of convergence is found in thirteen of seventeen industries. Convergence lifts followers' relative wages and global value-added shares. Followers benefit from convergence's positive income effect. Leaders benefit from higher terms of trade.     

古村落居民地方依恋与资源保护态度的关系——以西递、宏村、南屏为例

本文以皖南的西递、宏村和南屏等3个古村落为例，设计量表测量了古村落居民的地方依恋，通过构建结构方程模型探讨了居民地方依恋与其资源保护态度的关系。研究结果表明：（1）古村落居民的地方依恋由地方依赖（ξ）和地方认同（η1）两个维度构成；（2）地方依赖（ξ）对地方认同（η1）有显著的正向影响（γ11=0．87，t=13．13）；（3）地方依赖（ξ）和地方认同（η1）对居民的资源保护态度（η2）有显著的正向影响（γ21=0．57，t=9．85；β21=0．66，t=10．20）；（4）地方依赖（ξ）主要是通过地方认同（η1）影响居民的资源保护态度（η2），地方认同在其中起着中介作用（γ21直播=0．26，t=1．69；γ21间接=0．36，t=2．79）。本文的研究对古村落的资源保护以及古村落居住新区的建设有一定的现实指导和借鉴意义。     

城市居民税负感及影响因素的实证研究

根据北京市居民税负感调查所得数据,通过对居民税负感及其影响因素之间的相关性实证研究,得出结论,税负感与收入、文化程度、年龄以及对税收的了解程度等因素呈显著正相关,与是否参加社保呈显著负相关。在被调查的居民中,超过一半的居民税负感较重或很重,其中,收入越高和对税收了解的越多税负感就越重,本科学历和中年人群税负感较重,未参加社保的居民税负感较重,参加社保的居民税负感较轻。税负感研究的结论显示,居民税负感不仅与税收负担的高低密切相关,而且与国家的财政支出方向密切相关,扩大财政的民生开支是降低居民税负感的重要途径。     

医疗服务费对公立医院公益性影响的系统动力学分析

医疗服务费是医务人员技术劳动价值的体现,调整医疗服务费是当前医疗改革的焦点。本文应用系统动力学方法通过分析医疗服务费调整通过提升医师技术价值从而对医务人员诊疗行为和患者就医行为以及医药企业营销行为的影响,构建医疗服务费对医改影响的因果关系图,分析了医疗服务费调整的关键作用,即促使医方合理用药,提高诊疗质量;促使患者就诊分流,满意度提高;促使医药企业以药品质量赢得市场。最后本文根据研究结论提出相关建议:坚定医疗服务费改革的信心,并及时采取保障措施,一是医院管理制度上保障医务人员价值实现,二是加强基层医疗资源配置吸纳患者的分流。     

The Distributional Incidence of Growth: A Social Welfare Approach

This paper provides a normative framework for the assessment of the distributional incidence of growth. By removing the anonymity axiom, such framework is able to evaluate the individual income changes over time and the reshuffling of individuals along the income distribution that are determined by the pattern of income growth. We adopt a rank dependent social welfare function expressed in terms of initial rank and individual income change and we obtain partial and complete dominance conditions over different growth paths. These dominance conditions account for the different components determining the overall impact of growth, that is the size of growth and its vertical and horizontal incidence. We then provide an empirical application for Italy: this analysis shows the distributional impact of the recent economic crisis suffered by the Italian populaltion.     

人口老龄化对积极财政政策有效性的影响——兼析延迟退休的宏观经济效应

人口老龄化不但影响到宏观经济的稳定,也会对财政政策的有效性产生影响。将人口老龄化引入动态随机一般均衡模型,分析人口老龄化对4种积极财政政策工具（扩大政府支出、提高劳动所得税起征点、提高劳动所得税累进性和增加公共投资）有效性产生的影响以及延迟退休的动态宏观经济效应,结果表明：人口老龄化扩大了政府支出和政府公共投资对消费产生的挤出效应,降低了4种积极财政政策工具对产出、消费、就业的促进效应,也强化了其对通胀和工资膨胀的提升效应;延迟退休未对私人消费产生挤出效应,有利于就业、产出和消费增长,并有助于稳定通胀和工资膨胀;与财政政策工具相比延迟退休引致的整体社会福利损失较小。人口老龄化降低了积极财政政策的有效性,基于稳定宏观经济和降低社会福利损失的考虑,延迟退休是一个较优的政策选择。